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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ ¬2Academic Freedom at Stanford

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTEvents in recent years raise novel issues of academic freedom at Stanford University.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIn␈α∩the␈α⊃past␈α∩issues␈α∩of␈α⊃academic␈α∩freedom␈α∩have␈α⊃arisen␈α∩in␈α∩connection␈α⊃with␈α∩the␈α∩actions␈α⊃of

␈↓ α∧␈↓authorities␈αexternal␈αto␈αuniversities␈αor␈αthe␈αgoverning␈αbodies␈αof␈αuniversities.␈α Some␈αof␈αthese␈αactions

␈↓ α∧␈↓have␈α∪been␈α∪seen␈α∪and␈α∩resisted␈α∪as␈α∪infringing␈α∪on␈α∪freedoms␈α∩for␈α∪scholars␈α∪and␈α∪scientists␈α∪that␈α∩are

␈↓ α∧␈↓necessary for their activities expressing the collective curiosity of humanity.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTWe␈αdon't␈αremember␈α
such␈αissues␈αarising␈αat␈α
Stanford␈αin␈αthe␈αrecent␈α
past␈αwhere␈αthe␈α
actions␈αof

␈↓ α∧␈↓external␈αbodies␈αare␈α
in␈αquestion.␈α This␈α
is␈αpartly␈αbecause␈αboth␈α
governmental␈αbodies␈αand␈α
boards␈αof

␈↓ α∧␈↓trustees␈α∞have␈α∞given␈α∂up␈α∞attempts␈α∞to␈α∂influence␈α∞what␈α∞is␈α∞said,␈α∂published␈α∞and␈α∞taught␈α∂and␈α∞delegated

␈↓ α∧␈↓personnel␈α∪decisions␈α∪mainly␈α∪to␈α∪the␈α∪faculties␈α∪themselves.␈α∪ (We␈α∪insist␈α∪that␈α∪Bruce␈α∀Franklin␈α∪was

␈↓ α∧␈↓properly␈α∃fired␈α∀for␈α∃inciting␈α∃riot.␈α∀ I␈α∃believe␈α∃that␈α∀he␈α∃did␈α∃much␈α∀worse␈α∃and␈α∃was␈α∀substantially

␈↓ α∧␈↓responsible␈α∂for␈α∂several␈α∂murders␈α∂including␈α∂the␈α∂one␈α∂for␈α∂which␈α∂Andrea␈α∂Holman␈α∂and␈α∂others␈α∞were

␈↓ α∧␈↓convicted).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTUnfortunately,␈α
this␈α
wise␈α
behavior␈α
doesn't␈α
completely␈α
solve␈α
the␈α
problem␈α
of␈αacademic␈α
freedom,

␈↓ α∧␈↓because␈α∪it␈α∪is␈α∪possible␈α∪for␈α∪the␈α∀faculties␈α∪themselves␈α∪to␈α∪engage␈α∪in␈α∪oppressive␈α∀behavior.␈α∪ Some

␈↓ α∧␈↓members␈α
of␈α
faculties␈α
find␈α
the␈α
views␈αof␈α
others␈α
offensive␈α
and␈α
undertake␈α
to␈α
suppress␈αtheir␈α
expression

␈↓ α∧␈↓in␈α∞various␈α∞ways.␈α∞ Naturally␈α∞they␈α
don't␈α∞see␈α∞what␈α∞they␈α∞are␈α
trying␈α∞to␈α∞do␈α∞as␈α∞violations␈α∞of␈α
academic

␈↓ α∧␈↓freedom.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTTo␈α∩a␈α∩substantial␈α∩extent␈α∩this␈α∪is␈α∩because␈α∩the␈α∩traditional␈α∩violations␈α∩of␈α∪academic␈α∩freedom

␈↓ α∧␈↓involved␈αthe␈αpolitical␈αright␈αinterfering␈αwith␈αthe␈αacademic␈αfreedom␈αof␈αprofessors␈αon␈αthe␈α
left.␈α The

␈↓ α∧␈↓1940␈α∂case␈α∞at␈α∂CCNY␈α∂when␈α∞Bertrand␈α∂Russell␈α∞was␈α∂denied␈α∂an␈α∞appointment␈α∂to␈α∂teach␈α∞mathematical

␈↓ α∧␈↓logic␈αexplicitly␈αbecause␈αof␈α
his␈αviews␈αon␈αpeace␈α
and␈αsex␈αis␈αthe␈α
classical␈αexample.␈α This␈αhas␈αled␈α
many

␈↓ α∧␈↓people␈α∩to␈α∩be␈α∩alert␈α∪mainly␈α∩to␈α∩those␈α∩violations␈α∩of␈α∪academic␈α∩freedom␈α∩in␈α∩which␈α∩the␈α∪right␈α∩does

␈↓ α∧␈↓something to the left.  Today these are mainly to be found in other countries.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u2


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHowever,␈α∩recent␈α∩events␈α∩at␈α∩Stanford␈α∩raise␈α⊃the␈α∩question␈α∩of␈α∩whether␈α∩the␈α∩political␈α∩left,␈α⊃as

␈↓ α∧␈↓represented␈α
by␈α
a␈α
substantial␈α
segment␈α
of␈α
faculty␈α
and␈α
student␈α
opinion,␈α
is␈α
attempting␈α
to␈αinterfere␈α
with

␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∞academic␈α∞freedom␈α∞of␈α∞faculty␈α∞whose␈α∞views␈α∞are␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞right␈α∞of␈α∞their␈α∞own.␈α∞ I␈α∞cite␈α∞three␈α
issues,

␈↓ α∧␈↓each of which seems to me to have this characteristic.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT1.␈αThe␈α
attack␈αon␈α
the␈αHoover␈αInstitution␈α
has␈αinvolved␈α
lists␈αof␈αbooks␈α
and␈αarticles␈α
which␈αthe

␈↓ α∧␈↓attackers find offensive.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT2.␈α∩The␈α∩objections␈α∩to␈α⊃the␈α∩Livermore␈α∩financed␈α∩extension␈α⊃to␈α∩the␈α∩SSRL␈α∩facility␈α∩at␈α⊃SLAC

␈↓ α∧␈↓involve␈α∂an␈α∂attempt␈α∂to␈α∂have␈α∂Stanford␈α∞take␈α∂the␈α∂position␈α∂that␈α∂U.S.␈α∂Government␈α∂nuclear␈α∞weapons

␈↓ α∧␈↓research␈αis␈αillegitimate␈αand␈αthat␈αStanford␈αfaculty␈αshould␈αnot␈αbe␈αallowed␈αto␈αparticipate␈αin␈αa␈αfacility

␈↓ α∧␈↓in␈α∞which␈α∞non-Stanford␈α∞researchers␈α∞carry␈α∞on␈α∞unclassified␈α∞research␈α∞which␈α∞will␈α∞aid␈α∞their␈α∂work␈α∞on

␈↓ α∧␈↓weapons elsewhere.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT3.␈αSome␈αyears␈αago␈α
William␈αShockley's␈αattempts␈αto␈α
teach␈αa␈αgraduate␈αspecial␈αcourse␈α
expressing

␈↓ α∧␈↓his␈α∞views␈α∞on␈α∂the␈α∞genetics␈α∞of␈α∂intelligence␈α∞were␈α∞frustrated␈α∂at␈α∞a␈α∞time␈α∂when␈α∞anyone␈α∞else␈α∂was␈α∞being

␈↓ α∧␈↓allowed␈αto␈αgive␈αcourses␈αon␈αjust␈αabout␈αanything.␈α The␈αstatements␈αby␈αthe␈αmembers␈αof␈αthe␈αcommittee

␈↓ α∧␈↓appointed␈αto␈αlook␈α
into␈αthe␈αmatter␈αand␈α
by␈αthe␈αDean␈αof␈α
the␈αGraduate␈αSchool␈αwere␈α
masterpieces␈αof

␈↓ α∧␈↓intellectual␈α∂gerrymandering␈α⊂in␈α∂which␈α⊂other␈α∂criteria␈α⊂were␈α∂found␈α⊂to␈α∂justify␈α⊂suppressing␈α∂Shockley

␈↓ α∧␈↓expressing his views.  Incidentally, the views in question were freely misrepresented.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIn␈αeach␈αof␈αthe␈αabove␈αthree␈αcases␈αit␈α
was␈αclaimed␈αthat␈αthe␈αreal␈αissue␈αhad␈αnothing␈αto␈α
do␈αwith

␈↓ α∧␈↓academic␈α∂freedom.␈α∂ This␈α∂is␈α∂always␈α⊂possible␈α∂by␈α∂some␈α∂process␈α∂of␈α∂intellectual␈α⊂gerrymandering.␈α∂ A

␈↓ α∧␈↓criterion␈α∩can␈α∩always␈α∩be␈α∩found␈α∩for␈α∪rejecting␈α∩an␈α∩attempt␈α∩to␈α∩express␈α∩certain␈α∩opinions␈α∪that␈α∩are

␈↓ α∧␈↓irrelevant␈α∂from␈α⊂the␈α∂content␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α∂opinions.␈α⊂ In␈α∂our␈α⊂opinion␈α∂the␈α∂arguments␈α⊂in␈α∂each␈α⊂case␈α∂were

␈↓ α∧␈↓largely irrelevant to the real issue.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIt␈α
seems␈α
to␈α
us␈α
that␈α
the␈α
basic␈α
cause␈α
of␈α
the␈α
problem␈α
is␈α
intense␈α
political␈α
partisanship␈α∞and␈α
an

␈↓ α∧␈↓inability␈α∞to␈α
understand␈α∞that␈α
it␈α∞is␈α
not␈α∞proper␈α∞to␈α
vote␈α∞one's␈α
politics␈α∞when␈α
doing␈α∞so␈α∞suppresses␈α
the

␈↓ α∧␈↓academic freedom of fellow professors.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u3


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTFor␈αthese␈αreasons␈αwe␈αpropose␈αthat␈αthe␈αSenate␈αof␈αthe␈αAcademic␈αCouncil␈αinitiate␈αand␈αsponsor

␈↓ α∧␈↓a␈αdebate␈αon␈αacademic␈αfreedom␈αat␈αStanford␈αtoday.␈α There␈αis␈αno␈αneed␈αto␈αtie␈αthe␈αdebate␈αto␈αa␈αspecific

␈↓ α∧␈↓decision␈α⊂before␈α⊂the␈α⊂Senate,␈α⊂and␈α⊂there␈α⊂is␈α⊂no␈α⊂reason␈α⊂to␈α⊂hold␈α⊂the␈α⊂debate␈α⊂in␈α⊂the␈α⊂form␈α⊃of␈α⊂Senate

␈↓ α∧␈↓meetings.␈α The␈α
specific␈αissue␈αshould␈α
be␈αthe␈α
extent␈αof␈αthe␈α
obligation␈αof␈αthe␈α
Faculty␈αitself␈α
to␈αavoid

␈↓ α∧␈↓violations of academic freedom and what actions by a Faculty would constitute such violations.